healeys
[Top] [All Lists]

Re: [Healeys] Solder joints

To: m.g.sharp@sympatico.ca
Subject: Re: [Healeys] Solder joints
From: Michael Oritt <michael.oritt@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 09:53:42 -0400
Cc: healeys@autox.team.net
Delivered-to: mharc@autox.team.net
Delivered-to: healeys@autox.team.net
References: <000001d9f439$88fb8b00$9af2a100$@alexarevel.plus.com> <CAEajuYxYF2MoLg68pc7qgEDA-TVvY2kZVn_ms64ndH7bcrW5fQ@mail.gmail.com> <000601d9f476$1fcedff0$5f6c9fd0$@alexarevel.plus.com> <1424cb00-f2e4-010c-a7a3-0025917b9bea@comcast.net> <CAPTa0B55q-y7gJDYnccYA=o0Ztnk7ODfW_Jsnv_9K00XKDZw+g@mail.gmail.com> <CAB3i7LLdc2N4hWvY9M-aved6Ydt=xw+dMO0oTWRyA+hriRC2PQ@mail.gmail.com> <01d301d9f5ed$186903d0$493b0b70$@sympatico.ca>
--===============8588353572153027412==

--000000000000a50f120606d038ca
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

I don't know if any of the suppliers of wiring harnesses offer tinned wire
but if so that would be a real advantage both to cut down on corrosion and
to make soldering easier.

On Tue, Oct 3, 2023 at 7:56=E2=80=AFAM m.g.sharp--- via Healeys <
healeys@autox.team.net> wrote:

> I too use solder and follow the protocol that is outlined in the Chrysler
> manual that Mike attached.  HOWEVER, I am on the fence a bit on this one.
> I struggle to get just enough heat to melt the solder fully into the
> twisted wires without melting the adjacent plastic insulation and, worse,
> over-heating the wire for an inch or so either side of the joint.
> Over-heating the wire makes it brittle and prone to failure (i.e.
> breakage), especially if it is in a position where is it is vibrating or
> subject to flexing.  The mechanic who services my BMW, and who is a fully
> qualified Bosch technician (a few years ago he re-wired a DeLorean from
> scratch without a manual), swears by crimping because of the embrittlemen=
t
> caused by heating.  He services older Porches and English cars like ours,
> as well as new stuff, and has noticed that when wires break, it is usuall=
y
> within an inch or so of a solder joint.
>
>
>
> For now, I am staying with the solder and being very careful, but I take
> the point of the crimping advocates.
>
>
>
> Cheers, Mirek
>
>
>
> *From:* Healeys <healeys-bounces@autox.team.net> *On Behalf Of *Michael
> Salter
> *Sent:* Monday, October 2, 2023 4:17 PM
> *To:* healeys@autox.team.net
> *Subject:* Re: [Healeys] Solder joints
>
>
>
> I have always used the method recommended by Chrysler in their Workshop
> Manuals.
>
> Never let me down.
>
>
>
> On Mon., Oct. 2, 2023, 11:19 a.m. Michael Oritt via Healeys, <
> healeys@autox.team.net> wrote:
>
> I did literally thousands of inline and terminal connections while
> building and rewiring the main and sub panels of my boat and always used
> *proper* cutters, strippers and crimping tools with quality tinned
> terminal fittings--sometimes resin-filled and sometimes not depending upo=
n
> location and service, etc.  If there was ever a failure it was only due t=
o
> a bad crimp, etc.
>
>
>
> In addition to what Bob says re these fittings only being for inline butt
> joints there is always the risk of damaging adjacent wiring with careless
> or too much heat, etc.
>
> They look slick but I think I'd agree with Bob.
>
>
>
> Best--Michael
>
>
>
> On Sun, Oct 1, 2023 at 1:23=E2=80=AFPM Bob Spidell <bspidell@comcast.net>=
 wrote:
>
> I've never used these--in fact, this is the first I've heard of them--but=
,
> of course, that never stopped me from having an opinion or two. My 'hot
> take' (heh):
>
> 1) there may be solder formulations that a heat gun could melt, but
> calling this 'solder' seems to be a mis-characterization: the 'fine print=
'
> says it's 'hot melt adhesive.' I didn't see anything about its
> conductivity, nor it's strength (though the shrink wrap part would be
> reinforcing).
>
> 2) when I was maintaining my own aircraft, I subscribed to a magazine
> called 'Light Plane Maintenance.' It didn't take any advertising, and nev=
er
> shied away from 'calling it like it is.' They did exhaustive research and
> experimentation on the benefit/risk of solder joints vs. crimp joints and
> came to the conclusion that crimping was superior to soldering (and easie=
r,
> to boot). But, it has to be done properly; e.g.:
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DeIfoSSmlQR8
>
> 3) I only see them as being used for splices; apparently, you still need
> to employ crimping or soldering for terminals (loop, spade, etc.). I'd
> prefer all my wiring to be consistent.
>
> 4) the advert claims they are 'waterproof;' that, I think, is a stretch.
> Most similar ads only claim 'water resistant' (for liability, I suspect;
> water will eventually get into almost everything).
>
> 5) for most solder joints you want to twist the bare ends together; that
> doesn't seem possible with these.
>
> So, no dice for me.
>
> bs
>
>
> On 10/1/2023 7:46 AM, Simon Lachlan via Healeys wrote:
>
> Ah, yes. Good point!
>
> 200PCs Solderstick Waterproof Solder Wire Connector Kit Original Connecto=
r
> Tools | eBay <https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/404496927584>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> *From:* Jim Ryan <ryan@jimryan.com> <ryan@jimryan.com>
> *Sent:* 01 October 2023 14:01
> *To:* simon.lachlan@alexarevel.plus.com
> *Cc:* Healeys <healeys@autox.team.net> <healeys@autox.team.net>
> *Subject:* Re: [Healeys] Solder joints
>
>
>
> Simon,
>
>
>
> I didn't see a link or attachment.
>
>
>
> On Sun, Oct 1, 2023, 3:39 AM Simon Lachlan via Healeys <
> healeys@autox.team.net> wrote:
>
> Has anyone used these? And, if so, are they any good?
>
> I saw them on some car show and was impressed. Seems like they=E2=80=99d =
make a
> pretty decent joint if they=E2=80=99re as good as they=E2=80=99re cracked=
 up to be. Not
> very original in their appearance but sound enough??
> Touch wood, I don=E2=80=99t have many (any?) connections to make in the 3=
000, but
> for general use?
> Simon
>
> _______________________________________________
> Support Team.Net http://www.team.net/donate.html
> Suggested annual donation  $12.75
>
> Archive: http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys
> http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys
>
> Healeys@autox.team.net
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys
>
> Unsubscribe/Manage:
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/ryan@jimryan.com
>
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Support Team.Net http://www.team.net/donate.html
> Suggested annual donation  $12.75
>
> Archive: http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys
> http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys
>
> Healeys@autox.team.net
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys
>
> Unsubscribe/Manage:
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michael.oritt@gmail.com
>
> _______________________________________________
> Support Team.Net http://www.team.net/donate.html
> Suggested annual donation  $12.75
>
> Archive: http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys
> http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys
>
> Healeys@autox.team.net
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys
>
> Unsubscribe/Manage:
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michaelsalter@gmail.com
>
> _______________________________________________
> Support Team.Net http://www.team.net/donate.html
> Suggested annual donation  $12.75
>
> Archive: http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys
> http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys
>
> Healeys@autox.team.net
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys
>
> Unsubscribe/Manage:
> http://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michael.oritt@gmail.com
>
>

--000000000000a50f120606d038ca
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"color:#3333ff">I don=
&#39;t know if any of the suppliers of wiring harnesses offer tinned wire b=
ut if so that would be a real advantage both to cut down on corrosion and t=
o make soldering easier.</div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=
=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Tue, Oct 3, 2023 at 7:56=E2=80=AFAM m.g.sh=
arp--- via Healeys &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:healeys@autox.team.net";>healeys@au=
tox.team.net</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" styl=
e=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);paddin=
g-left:1ex"><div class=3D"msg-1234665678268470450"><div lang=3D"EN-CA" styl=
e=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class=3D"m_-1234665678268470450WordSe=
ction1"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span>I too use solder and follow the protoc=
ol that is outlined in the Chrysler manual that Mike attached.=C2=A0 HOWEVE=
R, I am on the fence a bit on this one.=C2=A0 I struggle to get just enough=
 heat to melt the solder fully into the twisted wires without melting the a=
djacent plastic insulation and, worse, over-heating the wire for an inch or=
 so either side of the joint.=C2=A0 Over-heating the wire makes it brittle =
and prone to failure (i.e. breakage), especially if it is in a position whe=
re is it is vibrating or subject to flexing.=C2=A0 The mechanic who service=
s my BMW, and who is a fully qualified Bosch technician (a few years ago he=
 re-wired a DeLorean from scratch without a manual), swears by crimping bec=
ause of the embrittlement caused by heating.=C2=A0 He services older Porche=
s and English cars like ours, as well as new stuff, and has noticed that wh=
en wires break, it is usually within an inch or so of a solder joint.<u></u=
><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span>For now, I am staying with the solder and =
being very careful, but I take=C2=A0 the point of the crimping advocates.<u=
></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></s=
pan></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span>Cheers, Mirek<u></u><u></u></span></p>=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><div style=3D"b=
order-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid r=
gb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=
=3D"EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang=3D"EN-US"> Healeys &lt;<a href=3D"mai=
lto:healeys-bounces@autox.team.net" target=3D"_blank">healeys-bounces@autox=
.team.net</a>&gt; <b>On Behalf Of </b>Michael Salter<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday=
, October 2, 2023 4:17 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:healeys@autox.tea=
m.net" target=3D"_blank">healeys@autox.team.net</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: =
[Healeys] Solder joints<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal=
"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">I have always used th=
e method recommended by Chrysler in their Workshop Manuals.<u></u><u></u></=
p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Never let me down.<u></u><u></u></p></div></d=
iv><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p><div><div><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal">On Mon., Oct. 2, 2023, 11:19 a.m. Michael Oritt via Healeys, &lt;<a=
 href=3D"mailto:healeys@autox.team.net"; target=3D"_blank">healeys@autox.tea=
m.net</a>&gt; wrote:<u></u><u></u></p></div><blockquote style=3D"border-top=
:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:1pt solid rgb(204,20=
4,204);padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm"><div><di=
v><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color:rgb(51,51,255)">I did literal=
ly=C2=A0thousands of inline and terminal connections while building and rew=
iring the main and sub panels of my boat and always used <b><i><u>proper</u=
></i></b>=C2=A0cutters, strippers and crimping tools with quality tinned te=
rminal fittings--sometimes resin-filled and sometimes not depending upon lo=
cation and service, etc.=C2=A0 If there was ever a failure it was only=C2=
=A0due to a bad crimp, etc.=C2=A0=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div>=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color:rgb(51,51,255)"><u></u>=C2=A0<u=
></u></span></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">I<span style=3D"color:blue">n =
addition to what Bob says re these fittings only being for inline butt join=
ts there is always the risk of damaging adjacent wiring with careless or to=
o much heat, etc.</span><u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span=
 style=3D"color:rgb(51,51,255)">They look slick but I think=C2=A0I&#39;d ag=
ree with Bob.<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><sp=
an style=3D"color:rgb(51,51,255)"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p></div><div=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color:rgb(51,51,255)">Best--Michael=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u=
></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On Sun, Oct 1, 2023 =
at 1:23=E2=80=AFPM Bob Spidell &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:bspidell@comcast.net"; =
target=3D"_blank">bspidell@comcast.net</a>&gt; wrote:<u></u><u></u></p></di=
v><blockquote style=3D"border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none=
;border-left:1pt solid rgb(204,204,204);padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt;margin-left=
:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom=
:12pt">I&#39;ve never used these--in fact, this is the first I&#39;ve heard=
 of them--but, of course, that never stopped me from having an opinion or t=
wo. My &#39;hot take&#39; (heh):<br><br>1) there may be solder formulations=
 that a heat gun could melt, but calling this &#39;solder&#39; seems to be =
a mis-characterization: the &#39;fine print&#39; says it&#39;s &#39;hot mel=
t adhesive.&#39; I didn&#39;t see anything about its conductivity, nor it&#=
39;s strength (though the shrink wrap part would be reinforcing). <br><br>2=
) when I was maintaining my own aircraft, I subscribed to a magazine called=
 &#39;Light Plane Maintenance.&#39; It didn&#39;t take any advertising, and=
 never shied away from &#39;calling it like it is.&#39; They did exhaustive=
 research and experimentation on the benefit/risk of solder joints vs. crim=
p joints and came to the conclusion that crimping was superior to soldering=
 (and easier, to boot). But, it has to be done properly; e.g.:<br><br><a hr=
ef=3D"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DeIfoSSmlQR8"; target=3D"_blank">http=
s://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DeIfoSSmlQR8</a><br><br>3) I only see them as =
being used for splices; apparently, you still need to employ crimping or so=
ldering for terminals (loop, spade, etc.). I&#39;d prefer all my wiring to =
be consistent.<br><br>4) the advert claims they are &#39;waterproof;&#39; t=
hat, I think, is a stretch. Most similar ads only claim &#39;water resistan=
t&#39; (for liability, I suspect; water will eventually get into almost eve=
rything).<br><br>5) for most solder joints you want to twist the bare ends =
together; that doesn&#39;t seem possible with these.<br><br>So, no dice for=
 me.<br><br>bs<br><br><br><u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On =
10/1/2023 7:46 AM, Simon Lachlan via Healeys wrote:<u></u><u></u></p></div>=
<blockquote style=3D"margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal">Ah, yes. Good point!<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><a hre=
f=3D"https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/404496927584"; target=3D"_blank">200PCs Sold=
erstick Waterproof Solder Wire Connector Kit Original Connector Tools | eBa=
y</a><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u><=
/u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US">From:</span></=
b><span lang=3D"EN-US"> Jim Ryan <a href=3D"mailto:ryan@jimryan.com"; target=
=3D"_blank">&lt;ryan@jimryan.com&gt;</a> <br><b>Sent:</b> 01 October 2023 1=
4:01<br><b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:simon.lachlan@alexarevel.plus.com"; tar=
get=3D"_blank">simon.lachlan@alexarevel.plus.com</a><br><b>Cc:</b> Healeys =
<a href=3D"mailto:healeys@autox.team.net"; target=3D"_blank">&lt;healeys@aut=
ox.team.net&gt;</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Healeys] Solder joints</span><u=
></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><div><p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal">Simon,<u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<=
u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">I didn&#39;t see a link =
or attachment.<u></u><u></u></p></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u=
></u><u></u></p><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On Sun, Oct 1, 2023, 3:39 =
AM Simon Lachlan via Healeys &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:healeys@autox.team.net"; =
target=3D"_blank">healeys@autox.team.net</a>&gt; wrote:<u></u><u></u></p></=
div><blockquote style=3D"border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:no=
ne;border-left:1pt solid rgb(204,204,204);padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt;margin:5p=
t 0cm 5pt 4.8pt"><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Has anyone used these? An=
d, if so, are they any good?<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">I saw =
them on some car show and was impressed. Seems like they=E2=80=99d make a p=
retty decent joint if they=E2=80=99re as good as they=E2=80=99re cracked up=
 to be. Not very original in their appearance but sound enough?? <br>Touch =
wood, I don=E2=80=99t have many (any?) connections to make in the 3000, but=
 for general use?<br>Simon<u></u><u></u></p></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin-bottom:12pt">__________________________________________=
_____<br>Support Team.Net <a href=3D"http://www.team.net/donate.html"; targe=
t=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/donate.html</a><br>Suggested annual donati=
on=C2=A0 $12.75<br><br>Archive: <a href=3D"http://www.team.net/pipermail/he=
aleys" target=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys</a> <a href=
=3D"http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys"; target=3D"_blank">http://autox.t=
eam.net/archive/healeys</a><br><br><a href=3D"mailto:Healeys@autox.team.net=
" target=3D"_blank">Healeys@autox.team.net</a><br><a href=3D"http://autox.t=
eam.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys" target=3D"_blank">http://autox.team.net/m=
ailman/listinfo/healeys</a><br><br>Unsubscribe/Manage: <a href=3D"http://au=
tox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/ryan@jimryan.com" target=3D"_blank">ht=
tp://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/ryan@jimryan.com</a><u></u><u><=
/u></p></blockquote></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u>=
</p></blockquote><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12pt">____________________________=
___________________<br>Support Team.Net <a href=3D"http://www.team.net/dona=
te.html" target=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/donate.html</a><br>Suggested=
 annual donation=C2=A0 $12.75<br><br>Archive: <a href=3D"http://www.team.ne=
t/pipermail/healeys" target=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/pipermail/healey=
s</a> <a href=3D"http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys"; target=3D"_blank">h=
ttp://autox.team.net/archive/healeys</a><br><br><a href=3D"mailto:Healeys@a=
utox.team.net" target=3D"_blank">Healeys@autox.team.net</a><br><a href=3D"h=
ttp://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys" target=3D"_blank">http://aut=
ox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys</a><br><br>Unsubscribe/Manage: <a href=
=3D"http://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michael.oritt@gmail.com"; =
target=3D"_blank">http://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michael.ori=
tt@gmail.com</a><u></u><u></u></p></blockquote></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin-bottom:12pt">_____________________________________________=
__<br>Support Team.Net <a href=3D"http://www.team.net/donate.html"; target=
=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/donate.html</a><br>Suggested annual donatio=
n=C2=A0 $12.75<br><br>Archive: <a href=3D"http://www.team.net/pipermail/hea=
leys" target=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys</a> <a href=
=3D"http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys"; target=3D"_blank">http://autox.t=
eam.net/archive/healeys</a><br><br><a href=3D"mailto:Healeys@autox.team.net=
" target=3D"_blank">Healeys@autox.team.net</a><br><a href=3D"http://autox.t=
eam.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys" target=3D"_blank">http://autox.team.net/m=
ailman/listinfo/healeys</a><br><br>Unsubscribe/Manage: <a href=3D"http://au=
tox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michaelsalter@gmail.com" target=3D"_bl=
ank">http://autox.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michaelsalter@gmail.com<=
/a><u></u><u></u></p></blockquote></div></div></div>_______________________=
________________________<br>
rer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/donate.html</a><br>
<br>
Archive: <a href=3D"http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys"; rel=3D"noreferre=
r" target=3D"_blank">http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys</a> <a href=3D"h=
ttp://autox.team.net/archive/healeys" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">=
http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys</a><br>
<br>
<a href=3D"mailto:Healeys@autox.team.net"; target=3D"_blank">Healeys@autox.t=
eam.net</a><br>
<a href=3D"http://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys"; rel=3D"noreferre=
r" target=3D"_blank">http://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys</a><br>
<br>
s/michael.oritt@gmail.com" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://auto=
x.team.net/mailman/options/healeys/michael.oritt@gmail.com</a><br>
<br>
</div></blockquote></div>

--000000000000a50f120606d038ca--

--===============8588353572153027412==
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Disposition: inline

_______________________________________________

Archive: http://www.team.net/pipermail/healeys 
http://autox.team.net/archive/healeys

Healeys@autox.team.net
http://autox.team.net/mailman/listinfo/healeys



--===============8588353572153027412==--

<Prev in Thread] Current Thread [Next in Thread>