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Re: Suspension Questions Again teamfat2.dsl.aros.net id f7RF21T15352

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Subject: Re: Suspension Questions Again teamfat2.dsl.aros.net id f7RF21T15352
From: Pete & Aprille Chadwell <pandachadwell@mac.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Aug 2001 08:01:56 -0700
References: <118.3c4f811.28bba46b@aol.com>
Harry wrote:

>As I continue to struggle with my 74 TR6 suspension, a couple of questions
>have come up.  First, what is castor and if you can't adjust it then why have
>a value?  I had my car aligned and the machine said that my castor for the
>front wheel was -2.0 and -2.9, L&R.  Obviously these values are outside the
>accepted data of +2.75.  I have looked all through the manuals and books and
>all they say is it can't be adjusted.  All the other specs for the front turn
>out great, and that is after 1/4 of the front was cut off and a new piece
>welded in place.  The car drives straight and doesn't pull.  I just put new
>michline redlines on and don't want them to get eaten.  So what the story on
>castor.

Take a look at a bicycle, Harry.  Notice the way the axis around 
which the forks/handlebars pivot (this is called steering axis) is 
slanted toward the rear of the bike.  This is a great illustration of 
POSITIVE castor.  If physics was simple and easy, the steering head 
on a bicycle would be straight up and down, directly above the front 
wheel's hub.  (Actually, I think those early bikes with the giant 
front wheel were set up this way)  Negative castor would be the 
steering head on our bicycle being out in FRONT of the front wheel's 
hub with the steering angle inclined toward the front of the bike. 
Castor is related to camber in the following manner: Keep in mind 
that camber describes to what extent the wheel is 'leaning' in one 
direction or another.  Now on that bicycle, if you point the front 
wheel straight ahead, the wheel has no camber.  But watch what 
happens as you turn the handle bars
 the more you rotate the handle 
bars, the more the front tire leans.  This is due to the angle that 
the steering axis is designed at.  Let's take it to an extreme as an 
absurd and totally impractical illustration
 imagine if that steering 
axis was laid down so that it was parallel to the ground.  What would 
happen?  When you would rotate the handle bars, you would ONLY change 
the camber angle.  The wheel wouldn't steer the bike at all
 at least 
not very well.  So now take a look at your everyday commuter car and 
crank the steering wheel all the way to one side.  Now get out and 
look at the CAMBER of the front wheels.  You'll see that there is a 
good deal of camber in each of the front wheels now, while when 
pointed straight ahead the camber was not noticeable.  You may even 
notice that on one side of the car the camber is positive and the 
other side is negative.  The steering angle for each of the front 
wheels is arranged similarly to that of a bicycle in that the 
steering angle is slanted toward the rear of the car.  Castor 
determines whether your car will have a tendency to wander at higher 
speeds.  The more positive castor, the more wandering and 
'nervousness' at higher speeds.  However, positive castor offers 
another benefit
 positive castor generates a self-centering force in 
the steering.  If you set up a car with negative castor, it would 
travel in a straight line all day long and you wouldn't have to touch 
the steering wheel one bit.  However, if you could manage to steer 
the thing (steering this car would be a real bitch) when you let go 
of the steering wheel it would stay at that angle rather than 
snapping back to center.  With the right amount of positive castor, 
steering is light and easy, the steering wheel will tend to snap back 
to center on its own, and directional stability is still reasonably 
good.  Also, because castor introduces camber into the wheel as it is 
rotated around its steering axis, it helps the car steer.  If you 
turn the wheel to the right, the right front wheel's camber will 
become POSITIVE and the left's will become NEGATIVE.  When you are 
cornering hard, your tires become distorted where they touch the 
road
 in very hard cornering, the tires may distort so much that the 
sidewall of the tire comes in contact with the road, while part of 
the tire's tread has lost contact with the road.  This is NOT a good 
thing.  But thanks to the castor angle, when the steering wheel is 
turned, each front wheel/tire is leaned into the corner in such a way 
as to minimize this effect.

You actually can adjust castor to some extent on a TR6
 but leave 
this up to the alignment shop.  Take your car to a good alignment 
shop and bring them a good supply of the proper alignment shims for 
both front and rear.

>Secondly, the camber in the rear end.  The data for this says it is 1/2
>degree positive.  What does positive mean?  Does the top to the tire go in
>torward the center to be positive, like most TR6s I have seen or should it
>actually go away from the frame at the top.   After extensive repair to the
>rear structure, I am have problems getting the toe straight.  I have to put
>wedges in so as not the bend the rubber bushing to bad.  Yes I know I should
>have the frame shop fix this, maybe next summer but right now I want to get
>the car driveable so the wedges are my best bet.  While I am doing this I
>want the get the camber right with the different brackets, one, two or three
>notches.  Right now I am sitting at -3.1 and -2.6 L&R, and the car has the
>TR6 squat.  Well any help would be appreciated.  Thanks in advance.

Positive camber is when the top of the tire leans AWAY from the car, 
negative camber is when the top of the tire leans INTO the car.  Are 
you using the proper alignment shims under the trailing arm brackets? 
Camber in the rear will be more a function of which brackets you use 
and the height and stiffness of the coil spring.  But toe will be 
adjusted by adding/subtracting the alignment shims under the trailing 
arm brackets.

Best of luck!

-- 
Pete Chadwell
1973 TR6

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