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How Software Is Eating the Car
The trend toward self-driving and electric vehicles will add hundreds of mi=
llions of lines of code to cars. Can the auto industry cope?
By=C2=A0Robert N. CharettePredictions of lost global vehicle production cau=
sed by the=C2=A0ongoing semiconductor shortage=C2=A0continue to rise. In Ja=
nuary,=C2=A0analysts forecast=C2=A0that=C2=A01.5 million fewer vehicles wou=
ld be produced as a result of the shortage; by April that=C2=A0number had s=
teadily climbed=C2=A0to more than 2.7 million units, and by May, to=C2=A0mo=
re than 4.1 million units.The semiconductor shortage has underscored not on=
ly the=C2=A0fragility of the automotive supply chain, but placed an intense=
spotlight on the auto industry=E2=80=99s reliance on the dozens=C2=A0of co=
ncealed computers embedded throughout vehicles today.=E2=80=9CNo other indu=
stry is undergoing as rapid technological change as the auto industry,=E2=
=80=9D says=C2=A0Zoran Filipi, Chair of the Department of Automotive Engine=
ering at=C2=A0Clemson University=E2=80=99s International Center for Automot=
ive Research.=C2=A0=E2=80=9CThis is driven by the need to address impending=
, evermore stringent CO2=C2=A0and criteria emission regulations, while sust=
aining unprecedented rate of progress with development of automation and in=
fotainment, and meeting the customer expectations regarding performance, co=
mfort, and utility.=E2=80=9D=C2=A0The coming years will see even greater ch=
ange, as more auto manufacturers=C2=A0commit=C2=A0to phasing out their inte=
rnal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles to meet=C2=A0global climate-c=
hange targets=C2=A0by=C2=A0replacing them with electric vehicles=C2=A0(EVs)=
that will eventually be=C2=A0capable of autonomous operation.The past deca=
de of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid progress it has made, a=
s well as where it is heading.
=E2=80=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the=
value of a car,=E2=80=9D notes=C2=A0Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of in=
formatics at=C2=A0Technical University, Munich and a leading expert on soft=
ware in automobiles.=C2=A0=E2=80=9CThe success of a car depends on its soft=
ware much more than the mechanical side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle innova=
tions by auto manufacturers, or original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as =
they are called by industry insiders, are now tied to software, he says.Ten=
years ago, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based electronic=
control units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, executing 100=
million lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like the BMW 7-series =
with advanced technology like=C2=A0advanced driver-assist systems=C2=A0(ADA=
S)=C2=A0may contain=C2=A0150 ECUs or more, while pick-up trucks like=C2=A0F=
ord=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 million lines of code. Even low-end vehicles=C2=
=A0are quickly approaching 100=C2=A0ECUs and 100 million=C2=A0of lines of c=
ode as more features that were once considered luxury options, such as=C2=
=A0adaptive cruise control=C2=A0and=C2=A0automatic emergency braking, are b=
ecoming standard.Additional safety features that have been mandated since 2=
010 like=C2=A0electronic stability control,=C2=A0backup cameras, and=C2=A0a=
utomatic emergency calling (eCall)=C2=A0in the EU, as well as more=C2=A0str=
ingent emission standards=C2=A0that ICE vehicles=C2=A0can only meet=C2=A0us=
ing yet more innovative electronics and software, have further driven ECU a=
nd software proliferation.Consulting firm=C2=A0Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Lim=
ited=C2=A0estimates that as of 2017, some=C2=A040% of the cost of a new car=
=C2=A0can be attributed to semiconductor-based electronic systems, a cost d=
oubling since 2007. It estimates this total will approach 50% by 2030. The =
company further predicts that each new car today has about $600 worth of se=
miconductors packed into it,=C2=A0consisting of up to=C2=A03,000 chips=C2=
=A0of all types.Totaling the number of ECUs and lines of software only hint=
s at the intricate electronic orchestration and software choreography found=
in vehicles today. By observing how they perform together, the extraordina=
ry complexity that is meant to be invisible from a driver=E2=80=99s perspec=
tive begins to emerge. New safety, comfort, performance and entertainment f=
eatures, the commercial imperative to offer scores of options to buyers res=
ulting in a multiplicity of variants for each make and model, and the shift=
from gasoline and human drivers to electric and artificially intelligent d=
rivers and the hundreds of millions of lines of new code that will need to =
be written, checked, debugged and secured against hackers, are making cars =
into supercomputers on wheels and forcing the auto industry to adapt. But c=
an it?=C2=A0
Features=C2=A0and Variants Drive=C2=A0Complexity
The drive over the last two decades to provide more safety and entertainmen=
t features has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances to mobile comp=
uting centers.=C2=A0Instead of racks of servers and high-speed optical inte=
rconnects, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate=C2=A0data throughout the v=
ehicle and beyond. And then there are the 10s of millions of lines code tha=
t run every time to you go to the grocery store.
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</div>
<div><br>
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<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div><h1 class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668main-title" style=3D"margin:10px a=
uto;font-weight:400;line-height:42px;font-size:40px;font-family:Theinhardt-=
Medium, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);width:620px;text-align:center;">How S=
oftware Is Eating the Car</h1><h2 class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668article-d=
ek yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668hide-mobile" style=3D"margin:10px auto;font-weigh=
t:400;line-height:1.2;font-size:26px;font-family:Georgia, serif;text-align:=
center;width:620px;color:rgb(136, 136, 136) !important;">The trend toward s=
elf-driving and electric vehicles will add hundreds of millions of lines of=
code to cars. Can the auto industry cope?</h2>
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668author-name" style=3D"max-width:100%;p=
adding:4px 0px 0px;border-top:4px solid rgb(226, 76, 45);margin:1em 0px;fon=
t-family:Theinhardt-Regular, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:16px;"=
><span style=3D"font-size:14px;">By <span style=3D"font-family:Theinha=
rdt-Bold, sans-serif;"><a href=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/author/robert-n=
-charette" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:transparent;" targe=
t=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Robert N. Charette</a></span></spa=
n></div>
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668articleBody yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668ent=
ry-content" style=3D"max-width:100%;width:620px;margin:0px auto;position:re=
lative;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:16px;">
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668hide-mobile" style=3D"max-width:100%;"=
>
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668article-parsely" style=3D"max-width:10=
0%;">
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668row" style=3D"max-width:100%;">
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668col-md-12" style=3D"position:relative;=
width:300px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;max-width:100%;"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668blog-inner" style=3D"max-width:100%;">
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Predicti=
ons of lost global vehicle production caused by the <a href=3D"https:/=
/asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/How-the-chip-shortage-got-so-b=
ad-and-why-it-s-so-hard-to-fix" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration=
-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nor=
eferrer noopener">ongoing semiconductor shortage</a> continue to rise.=
In January, <a href=3D"https://www.business-standard.com/article/auto=
mobile/world-s-biggest-automakers-suspend-operations-as-chip-supplies-dry-u=
p-121032400488_1.html" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:und=
erline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer n=
oopener">analysts forecast</a> that 1.5 million fewer vehicles wo=
uld be produced as a result of the shortage; by April that <a href=3D"=
https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/latest-numbers-microchip-shortage-pi=
ckups-taking-bigger-hits" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:=
underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferre=
r noopener">number had steadily climbed</a> to more than 2.7 million u=
nits, and by May, to <a href=3D"https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing=
/plants-big-worry-missing-demand-because-chip-crisis" style=3D"color:rgb(0,=
0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=
=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">more than 4.1 million units</a>.</d=
iv>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The semi=
conductor shortage has underscored not only the <a href=3D"https://www=
.reuters.com/article/us-autos-semiconductors-supply-chain-ins/auto-industry=
-rethinks-cost-cutting-playbook-as-covid-19-chip-shortages-disrupt-supply-c=
hains-idUSKBN2BO4ZW" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:under=
line;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noo=
pener">fragility of the automotive supply chain</a>, but placed an intense =
spotlight on the auto industry=E2=80=99s reliance on the dozens of con=
cealed computers embedded throughout vehicles today.</div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">=E2=80=
=9CNo other industry is undergoing as rapid technological change as the aut=
o industry,=E2=80=9D says <span>Zoran Filipi, Chair of the Department =
of Automotive Engineering at </span><a href=3D"https://cuicar.com/"; st=
yle=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:t=
ransparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Clemson Universi=
ty=E2=80=99s International Center for Automotive Research</a>. =E2=80=
=9CThis is driven by the need to address impending, evermore stringent CO<s=
pan style=3D"position:relative;font-size:13.5px;line-height:0;vertical-alig=
n:baseline;"><span>2</span></span> and criteria emission regulations, =
while sustaining unprecedented rate of progress with development of automat=
ion and infotainment, and meeting the customer expectations regarding perfo=
rmance, comfort, and utility.=E2=80=9D </div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The comi=
ng years will see even greater change, as more auto manufacturers <a h=
ref=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g35562831/ev-plans-automakers-time=
line/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;backgroun=
d-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">commit<=
/a> to phasing out their internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehi=
cles to meet <a href=3D"https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/=
growing-momentum-global-overview-of-government-targets-for-phasing-out-sale=
s-of-new-internal-combustion-engine-vehicles/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);=
text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_bl=
ank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">global climate-change targets</a> by&=
nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g29994375/future-electric=
-cars-trucks/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;b=
ackground-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener"=
>replacing them with electric vehicles</a> (EVs) that will eventually =
be <a href=3D"https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/levels-of-a=
utonomous-driving-explained" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-li=
ne:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"norefe=
rrer noopener">capable of autonomous operation</a>.</div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The past=
decade of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid progress it has ma=
de, as well as where it is heading.</div>
<img alt=3D"Chart titled Vehicle production shortfall due to chip shortage.=
" src=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzgyNzk1Mw.jpeg"; style=3D"vertical=
-align:middle;border-style:none;max-width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;display:bl=
ock;width:300px;" class=3D"yiv6850861807"><br>
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668ai" style=3D"max-width:100%;"></div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">=E2=80=
=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the value=
of a car,=E2=80=9D notes <span>Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of in=
formatics at </span><a href=3D"https://www.tum.de/en/"; style=3D"color:=
rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" =
target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Technical University</a><span=
>, Munich and a leading expert on software in automobiles.</span> =E2=
=80=9CThe success of a car depends on its software much more than the mecha=
nical side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle innovations by auto manufacturers, =
or original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as they are called by industry i=
nsiders, are now tied to software, he says.</div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;"><a href=
=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/systems/this-car-runs-on-code"=
style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-colo=
r:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Ten years ago=
</a>, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based electronic contr=
ol units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, executing 100 milli=
on lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like the BMW 7-series with a=
dvanced technology like <a href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/resear=
ch/a31880412/adas/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underl=
ine;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noop=
ener">advanced driver-assist systems</a> (ADAS) <a href=3D"https:=
//www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/automotive-control-units-development-i=
nnovations-mechanical-to-electronics" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-deco=
ration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=
=3D"noreferrer noopener">may contain</a> 150 ECUs or more, while pick-=
up trucks like <a href=3D"https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2016/=
01/13/guess-what-requires-150-million-lines-of-code/" style=3D"color:rgb(0,=
0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=
=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Ford=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 millio=
n lines of code</a>. Even low-end vehicles are quickly approaching 100=
ECUs and 100 million of lines of code as more features that were=
once considered luxury options, such as <a href=3D"https://www.motort=
rend.com/news/adaptive-cruise-control/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-de=
coration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" re=
l=3D"noreferrer noopener">adaptive cruise control</a> and <a href=
=3D"https://www.motortrend.com/news/automatic-emergency-braking/"; style=3D"=
color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transpar=
ent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">automatic emergency bra=
king</a>, are becoming standard.</div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Addition=
al safety features that have been mandated since 2010 like <a href=3D"=
https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/electronic-stability-control/"; st=
yle=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:t=
ransparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">electronic stabi=
lity control,</a> <a href=3D"https://abcnews.go.com/US/cars-us-now-req=
uired-backup-cameras/story?id=3D54854404" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-=
decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" =
rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">backup cameras</a>, and <a href=3D"https:/=
/etsc.eu/automated-emergency-calling-ecall-now-mandatory-on-new-car-models/=
#:~:text=3DAutomated%2520emergency%2520calling%2520(eCall)%2520now%2520mand=
atory%2520on%2520new%2520car%2520models,-April%25203%252C%25202018&text=
=3DAll%2520new%2520models%2520of%2520car,the%2520event%2520of%2520a%2520col=
lision.&text=3DThe%2520system%2520was%2520launched%2520on%2520Android%2=
520phones%2520in%25202016." style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-lin=
e:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"norefer=
rer noopener">automatic emergency calling (eCall)</a> in the EU, as we=
ll as more <a href=3D"https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publicat=
ions/ICCT_Euro6-VI_briefing_jun2016.pdf" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-d=
ecoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" r=
el=3D"noreferrer noopener">stringent emission standards</a> that ICE v=
ehicles <a href=3D"https://autotechreview.com/opinion/guest-commentary=
/how-software-in-automobiles-helps-curb-pollution" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0,=
0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D=
"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">can only meet</a> using yet more =
innovative electronics and software, have further driven ECU and software p=
roliferation.</div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Consulti=
ng firm <a href=3D"https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en.html"; style=3D"=
color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transpar=
ent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Deloitte Touche Tohmats=
u Limited</a> estimates that as of 2017, some <a href=3D"https://=
www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-media-teleco=
mmunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wave-en-190422.pdf" st=
yle=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:t=
ransparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">40% of the cost =
of a new car</a> can be attributed to semiconductor-based electronic s=
ystems, a cost doubling since 2007. It estimates this total will approach 5=
0% by 2030. The company further predicts that each new car today has about =
$600 worth of semiconductors packed into it, <a href=3D"https://www.ny=
times.com/2021/04/23/business/auto-semiconductors-general-motors-mercedes.h=
tml" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-=
color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">consistin=
g of up to 3,000 chips</a> of all types.</div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Totaling=
the number of ECUs and lines of software only hints at the intricate elect=
ronic orchestration and software choreography found in vehicles today. By o=
bserving how they perform together, the extraordinary complexity that is me=
ant to be invisible from a driver=E2=80=99s perspective begins to emerge. N=
ew safety, comfort, performance and entertainment features, the commercial =
imperative to offer scores of options to buyers resulting in a multiplicity=
of variants for each make and model, and the shift from gasoline and human=
drivers to electric and artificially intelligent drivers and the hundreds =
of millions of lines of new code that will need to be written, checked, deb=
ugged and secured against hackers, are making cars into supercomputers on w=
heels and forcing the auto industry to adapt. But can it? </div>
<h3 style=3D"margin-top:0px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.2;font-family:The=
inhardt-Regular, sans-serif;color:rgb(90, 90, 90);">Features and Varia=
nts Drive Complexity</h3>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;"></div>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The driv=
e over the last two decades to provide more safety and entertainment featur=
es has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances to mobile computing ce=
nters. Instead of racks of servers and high-speed optical interconnect=
s, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate data throughout the vehicle a=
nd beyond. And then there are the 10s of millions of lines code that run ev=
ery time to you go to the grocery store.</div>
</div>
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